Urban Morphology, Architectural Typology,

Contemporary Settlement Patterns

城市形态学，建筑类型学，当代住区模式

Design Studio of Regeneration in Hehua Tang Area, Nanjing

南京城南荷花塘地块及住区建筑更新设计

教案设计：Marco Trisciuoglio、鲍莉

指导教师：Marco Trisciuoglio、鲍莉、吴锦绣

助       教： 姜蕾、湛洋

参加学生：东南大学建筑学院4年级本科生+1年级研究生：15人

出题背景

Background

当下的中国，城市更新可以呈现出怎样的面貌呢？难道我们的选择只限于那些由无名高层组成的寻常街区或者被城中村环绕的所谓延续传统风格的封闭住区吗？当下中国愈加复杂的经济体系和产权规则背景下，决策者和设计师或许可以考虑第三种方式：基于城市既有的建筑类型与形态去设计新的可持续街区和建筑类型。这也是类型学和形态学研究的一种必要的更新，以面向全球的建筑与城市文化，并以一种更少僵化、更多灵活性的方式去理解何谓“类型”。

Which could be, nowadays in China, the outcomes of an urban regeneration project?  Should we really decide between ordinary districts made by tall anonymous buildings or gated communities closed into inner villages dominated by “fake” restorations in Chinese traditional style? The contemporary Chinese society, the more and more complex economical system, the new rules concerning ownership, all these novelties are asking designers and decision makers to find a third way: new sustainable architecture designed upon the typological and morphological fundamental of the city. That is also a way for the necessary renovation of typological and morphological studies into the architectural and urban worldwide culture, towards a much less rigid and much more flexible ideas of what a “type” is. 

课程简介

Studio Introduction

本次设计课程由意大利都灵理工大学Marco Trisciuoglio教授和本院鲍莉、吴锦绣老师联合授课，是一次本硕贯通的联合设计实验，参与学生来自建筑学本科四年级和研究生一年级。课程选址在南京老城南门西地区的荷花塘地块，紧邻城墙内侧，处于南京市历史名城保护区范围内。基地内除了几处省市级文保单位及历史建筑之外，大部分民居已衰败破乱，亟待更新。居民多为本地中低收入劳动阶层或租住的外来务工者。课题的重心是借助形态学和类型学的研究方法探索该地块及建筑的更新设计策略。

The core of the Design Studio, lead by Marco Trisciuoglio (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) together with Professor Bao Li and Professor Wu Jinxiu, and devoted to a mixed team of students (attending the fourth year of the Bachelor Program and the first year of the Master Program in Architecture) was the morphological disposition of an area in the south part of Nanjing. Located at the interior side of the ancient city-walls, as part of the Nanjing’s Precious Historical City Conservation Zone, except some listed historical buildings (municipal or provincial level), the Hehua Tang area is mostly occupied by shacks and dilapidated courtyard houses, waiting today for a new regeneration’s season. The residents are composed largely by local low-income working class and migrant workers as tenants. The focus of the design studio is exploring new regeneration strategies for this area and its buildings, using urban morphology and building typology approach as helpful instruments. 

授课过程

场地模型

课程概要

Studio Overview

本次联合设计的目标是让中国学生学习以意大利形态学的方式去阅读现有的城市，进而应用到地块更新的设计中去。藉由此机会，我们可以重新认识由Saverio Muratori和Gianfranco Caniggia建立、并因Aldo Rossi而传播至世界的意大利形态学的设计理论和方法工具，并在对当代中国城市形态的研究中体现并丰富它的价值。这也为进一步论证形态学作为城市设计工具的有效性提供了机会：用西方的形态学分类探讨传统及现代中国城市发展过程是富有成效的方法，帮助我们革新“形态学思维”，使其更适于面向世界范围的当代城市设计问题。

The aim of the Design Studio was making Chinese students approach the Italian morphological way to read the existing city, in order to design its regeneration. It has been the opportunity to recover the design theories and the design instruments studied by Saverio Muratori and Gianfranco Caniggia (but diffused all over the world by Aldo Rossi), recognizing their fruitful value in the research about the urban form of the contemporary Chinese cities. It has been also the opportunity to go ahead in the reasoning about the morphology as a powerful tool to work on urban design: using western typological categories in approaching the traditional and contemporary processes of development of the Chinese city is a fruitful way to innovate the “morphological thought” and to make it more apt to face the contemporary cities’ design question all over the world.

整个教学过程包括几个循序渐进的阶段。首先，学生需要从地理、历史和社会学的角度对南京城南地区以及荷花塘地块进行整体调研分析；其次，在混杂的城市肌理中辨析若干典型的空间组织类型：院落式住宅、狭窄的城市巷道和临街的建筑；之后，学生需要通过草图、模型和方案图等方式去剖析阅读这几种类型并将其衍化出新的类型，再对其进行归置、组织并调整以生成新的建筑集群模式；最后，运用这些集群模式创造出地块内既源于又有别于原有传统城市形态的新的城市肌理。这其中，我们假设只保留场地内的文保类及历史建筑，其余部分的住区宅院均纳入重新设计的范围。

The students' design experience was defined as an incremental step-based process which involved different stages. After a general(geographical, historical and sociological) study on the area, students have been asked to recognize, into the existing and chaotic urban fabric, some recurrent types: the courtyard-houses, the urban narrow corridors, the relation between main blocks of the houses and the streets. Working on those types,testing methods of reading them (by sketches, models, schematic drawings)students shifted existing types to “new typologies”and then collected, organized and managed those new typologies in complex “patterns”. The patterns have been used to create the new urban fabric of the area, in which it was possible to imagine to keep only historical and “heritage labeled” buildings and re-design the most of the settlement.

荷花塘地区类型地图

荷花塘地区建筑原型分类汇总

荷花塘地区保护建筑与历史建筑

在课程的不同阶段，额外为研究生设置了若干侧重理论与研究的训练。包括关于城市形态学及建筑类型学的文献阅读，古罗马城市庞贝的建筑类型、城市肌理演变分析，以及撰写涉及本土建筑类型及其演变的小论文。本硕贯通的组织方式，也成为教学上一种有益而有趣的尝试。前期工作以本硕混编的小组为单位展开，研究生通过交流汇报及共同工作的方式与本科生分享理论研究成果，开阔整个设计团队的学术视野，也对整个课程的理论背景与现实基础有更整体和更深入的认识。

In different steps of the course, some additional exercises were given to the masters for the oretical or analytic training: reading papers and books about typology and morphology, analyzing Pompeii’s building types (and the transformation of the urban fabric in that ancient Roman city), writing short papers about the local building types and their transformation. As a mixed team with both bachelor and master students, that also provided professors a chance to explore some beneficial and interesting teaching methods. The first phase of the work was based on mixed groups of bachelor and master students. The presentations and reports of the masters, together with their co-working, helped also the bachelor students to better understand the theoretical background and the realistic basis of the whole project, and to broaden their academic horizons.

同时，本次联合课程设计的价值还在于对经典设计理论和方法的学习与探新，在面对中国当代城市问题时，尝试以一种新颖、有趣、宽泛甚至出乎意料的方式去更好地组织和刷新两个认知与设计城市及建筑的概念工具：形态学和类型学。它们诞生于1950-60年代的意大利、德国和英国，但过去几十年则逐渐被遗忘在以参数化和高技派为代表的超现代和功能性的国际式建筑洪流之中。本次课程希望将它们重新发掘、辨析和推进，使之可以成为建筑师的工具，从而在当下的设计中观照城市过去与未来的联接。

At the same time, the opportunity was much greater to refresh and better organize (maybe for new, more interesting, wider and also unexpected uses) two conceptual instruments: morphology and typology. They had been coded in the Fifties and Sixties of last century (between Italy, Germany and UK), later, during last decades, they had been forgotten in the climate of new hyper-modern and functional international styles of architecture (between “parametric” and “high tech”solutions). But now they can be rediscovered and overall augmented to make architects become able again to take care of the past and the future of the cities at the same time.

小组成果展示

Teams' Works

A组：城市盒子

Group A: Urban Chamber

丁园白、王安安、顾家铭、朱鹏飞

Ding Yuanbai, Wang An'an, Gu Jiaming,Zhu Pengfei

本案试图用承载着街区记忆的城市公共空间串接起荷花塘片区。基于对原街巷名称、肌理的尊重保留，用一条中心的主要道路和几条支路形成场地的主要步行系统，同时划分出几个片区。主要街巷节点处形成一系列围合的城市共享空间——城市盒子，作为对“院落”这一传统内向性共享空间在城市尺度的转译，以期让一些传统的日常生态亦可借此得到转移与延续。同时，通过对荷花塘原有建筑类型的研究，发展出适应场地的新类型并重新置入，与老建筑共存共生。

The group tried to connect the Hehua Tang Area with a series of urban public spaces, which carries the memory of history. Based on the original names and network of streets, they formed the major pedestrian system with a main road and several branches, dividing the area into different parts. Several streets nodes become a series of enclosed urban public spaces, named “city chambers” as urban reinterpretation of courtyard, the traditional inward-directed shared space. The expectation is that parts of the local daily life and behaviors could be transferred and kept down in such spaces. At the same time, after the study of building types in Hehua Tang Area, the group developed new types to get them embedded into the site, considering their compatibility and complementarity with the old buildings.

B组：故园新生

Group B: Innovative TraditionalGardens

吴舒、范琳琳、丁睿、吴和根

Wu Shu, Fan Linlin, Ding Rui, Wu Hegen

经过与1929年航拍地图等历史信息的对比分析，我们希望提取传统的积极因素，在场地内营造公共活动的场所。整块基地围绕沿城墙和东西主要道路的两条绿带，一条南北向主轴线，和一系列散布的内向型的公共花园展开。两条绿带打通愚园和中山南路的联系，南北主轴线主要承载街区商业职能，而公共花园作为具有传统意向和记忆的共享空间，为每组类型单元的原生性公共活动提供场所。

Reviewing the historical information such as the aerial map of 1929, the group tried to extract the effective forms and characters from tradition and create places for public activities in the field. The whole project pivots around two east-west greenbelts, one north-south main axis, and a series of inward-directed public gardens, the “innovative traditional gardens” scattered around. The two east-west greenbelts build the connection between Yuyuan gardenand Zhongshan south road; the main north-south axis carries most commercial activities; and the “innovative traditional gardens”, as shared spaces linked with traditional images and memories, provide the places of local public activities for every group of residential units.

C组：水井-茶室

Group C: Wells and tea houses

施剑波、吴则鸣、宋梦梅、吴逸雯

Shi Jianbo, Wu Zeming, Song Mengmei,Wu Yiwen

场地中留存有多处井巷空间，可窥老城南传统生活方式一隅。本案以井台空间为切入点，保留水井这一传统市井生活中特有的标志性空间，并以之为契机营造场地内匮乏的公共活动空间，植入茶室等使用功能以形成活动空间节点，从而记存老城南的历史和传统生活的记忆碎片。

It is easy to find that there are still many traditional wells and alleys in Hehua Tang Area. They reveal people a corner of the traditional Nanjing lifestyle. The well is the keyword of Group C. Maintaining and restoring all the wells, even expanding their symbolic value into urban spaces and tea houses is a way to keep some pieces of the memories of the historical city and its life.

D组：辐射

Group D: Beaming

刘巧、韩珂、黄一凡

Liu Qiao, Han Ke, Huang Yifan

我们组的设计概念为“辐射”。通过对场地历史建筑的总平面布局的梳理与探讨，在荷花塘区域内一组保护建筑潜在的文化空间价值被发掘出来。本案将这一核心地区设计为整个荷花塘居民区的社区活动中心，空间布局上，道路的走向和尺度等级与这组中心历史建筑形成相呼应。方案最终生成一个放射性的街道和空间系统，以接纳并引导新的建筑布局。

The keyword of this project is beaming. Studying and redrawing the map of the historical settlement gives as outcome the discovery of the potential role of a group of protected buildings into the life and the urban space of Hehua Tang Area.  Project aims to make this core become the district community center, so that the orientation and hierarchy of the streets are traced in accordance with the position of that central group of historical buildings. Finally a radial system of streets and spaces has been generated by the project to allow and suggest the design of new buildings’ patterns.

个人成果示例

Selected Individual Works

水井-生活 Wells and life

施剑波 Shi Jianbo

本案挖掘传统生活中具有重要公共意向的水井空间的价值，试图打开尘封记忆，将之作为重塑该片区公共空间的激发点，并尝试用类型学的方法理清该片区公共空间的结构脉络，分层次讨论不同尺度下公共空间、建筑形态及人的活动之间的相互影响，探讨针对老城区渐进式更新改造的某种可能性。

This design work is intended to protect the remaining old wells ＆ the memories it refers to. In this case, urban morphology ＆ architectural typology became efficient instruments to make student clarify the existing system ＆ the hierarchy of the public spaces in the area, facing the design question about the relationship ＆ interplay among the public spaces, building types ＆ human behaviors in different levels. Furthermore, it provided the student a chance to explore another potential approach for a gradual regeneration of the old town.

新-院 Innovative traditional garden

吴舒 Wu Shu

新住宅的平面形制来自于荷花塘地区的传统建筑原型，发展成对称的双宅形式。园子不仅是供居民活动的公共场所，还是新老建筑过渡对话的空间。连续的砖墙作为整体景观元素，能唤起人们对荷花塘地区的历史记忆。

The prototype of new houses comes from the original types in Hehua Tang Area, and it is designed as symmetrical twin houses for two families. The gardens of the neighborhoods are not only the plazas for residents, but also spaces to interpret the dialogs between new houses ＆ historical buildings. Continuous brick walls are used as landscape elements to recall people’s collective memories of this area.

辐射•链 Beaming and connection

刘巧 Liu Qiao

beaming与connection意为通过老建筑改造形成连续的、有层次的、活跃的公共活动场所，从而打造更符合当代市民生活的街区环境。整个荷花塘片区围绕由历史保护建筑改造成的社区中心展开，希望由社区中心辐射开去，使各个分布的街区共享社区生活，形成有效的、活跃的公共活动；在各个街区内部，也希望通过连接一些围绕老建筑打造的服务或景观空间，促进住户的相互交流。

The project "Beaming and Connection" aims to create more qualified living environment in Hehua Tang Area, by transforming historical buildings into a continues sequence of collective spaces in different levels. The whole area were organized around the shared Community Center. The Center is connected with other active public spaces in different neighborhoods as a "radial spatial system", in order to form an effective sequence of shared space for public activities. Similarly, in different neighborhoods, facilities or garden zones around the historic buildings could maintain ＆ promote the relationship among local residents.

痕迹  Trace

   吴和根 Wu Hegen

设计中的新院来源于对地图图像的解读，并对历史院落结构痕迹进行再现。以成组的新院来连接场地南北景观带。研究荷花塘传统的坡屋顶建筑原型，在新的类型之中将中央院落分解与重置，以满足住宅内部公共空间与私密空间的要求。

New courtyards in the design come from the image of old maps, representing the trace of historical courtyards. The design aims at connecting the north ＆ south with groups of new courtyards. After the study of the traditional sloping roof courtyard houses in Hehua Tang Area, the traditional central courtyard is divided ＆relocated in the new type to meet the needs of various public ＆ private spaces in house.

终期答辩